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Background  Recent studies have suggested a low potential risk for contrast medium-induced kidney injury in patients with relatively normal renal function. However, whether contrast media cause additional deterioration of renal function in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), including those with sepsis-associated AKI, remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of contrast media on renal function and mortality in patients with sepsis who already had AKI.    Methods  We performed a propensity score-matched historical cohort study in the medico-surgical intensive care unit of Jichi Medical University Hospital. Adult patients who were diagnosed with sepsis and AKI were enrolled. Records from our sepsis database from 2011 to 2017 were examined. Septic patients with AKI who received contrast media within 24 h of admission (C group) were matched 1:1 with septic patients who did not receive contrast media (NC group). The primary outcome was deterioration of kidney function (DRF), which was defined as an elevation of serum creatinine levels (> 0.3 mg/dL or 1.5-fold from baseline) or induction of renal replacement therapy.    Results  A total of 339 septic patients with AKI were included. After propensity score adjustment, the DRF rate was similar between the C and NC groups (34.0% versus 35.0%;  P  = 1.00). The 7-day mortality (3.0% versus 6.0%;  P  = 0.50), 28-day mortality (9.2% versus 15.0%;  P  = 0.25), and 90-day mortality (25.8% versus 32.1%;  P  = 0.45) rates were comparable between the two groups. In propensity-adjusted subsets of a high-risk subset (AKI stages 2 and 3 on admission), the rate of DRF was also similar between the two groups.    Conclusions  A single administration of contrast media was not associated with exacerbation of AKI or increased short/long-term mortality in patients with sepsis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-019-2517-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Influence of contrast media on renal function and outcomes in patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a propensity-matched cohort study