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Background  Although significant advances have been achieved in acute kidney injury (AKI) research following its classification, potential pitfalls can be identified in clinical practice. The nonsteady-state (kinetic) estimated glomerular filtration rate (KeGFR) could add clinical and prognostic information in critically ill patients beyond the current AKI classification system.    Methods  This was a retrospective analysis using data from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II project. The KeGFR was calculated during the first 7 days of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in 13,284 patients and was correlated with outcomes.    Results  In general, there was not a good agreement between AKI severity and the worst achieved KeGFR. The stepwise reduction in the worst achieved KeGFR conferred an incremental risk of death, rising from 7.0% (KeGFR > 70 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) to 27.8% (KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ). This stepwise increment in mortality remained in each AKI severity stage. For example, patients with AKI stage 3 who maintained KeGFR had a mortality rate of 16.5%, close to those patients with KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2  but no AKI; otherwise, mortality increased to 40% when both AKI stage 3 and KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2  were present. In relation to another outcome—renal replacement therapy (RRT)—patients with the worst achieved KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2  and KDIGO stage 1/2 had a rate of RRT of less than 10%. However, this rate was 44% when both AKI stage 3 and a worst KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m 2  were observed. This interaction between AKI and KeGFR was also present when looking at long-term survival.    Conclusion  Both the AKI classification system and KeGFR are complementary to each other. Assessing both AKI stage and KeGFR can help to identify patients at different risk levels in clinical practice.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1873-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Kinetic estimated glomerular filtration rate in critically ill patients: beyond the acute kidney injury severity classification system