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Introduction  The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levosimendan on rodent septic shock induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).    Methods  Three hours after peritonitis-induced sepsis, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of levosimendan (1.2 μg/kg/min for 10 min and then 0.3 μg/kg/min for 6 h) or an equivalent volume of saline and vehicle (5% dextrose) solution.    Results  The levosimendan-treated CLP animals had significantly higher arterial pressure and lower biochemical indices of liver and kidney dysfunction compared to the CLP animals ( P  < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-1β, nitric oxide and organ superoxide levels in the levosimendan-treated CLP group were less than those in CLP rats treated with vehicle ( P  < 0.05). In addition, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lung and caspase-3 expressions in spleen were significantly lower in the levosimendan-treated CLP group ( P  < 0.05). The administration of CLP rats with levosimendan was associated with significantly higher survival (61.9% vs. 40% at 18 h after CLP,  P  < 0.05). At postmortem examination, the histological changes and neutrophil filtration index in liver and lung were significantly attenuated in the levosimendan-treated CLP group (vs. CLP group,  P  < 0.05).    Conclusions  In this clinically relevant model of septic shock induced by fecal peritonitis, the administration of levosimendan had beneficial effects on haemodynamic variables, liver and kidney dysfunction, and metabolic acidosis. (1) Lower levels of interleukin-1β, nitric oxide and superoxide, (2) attenuation of iNOS and caspase-3 expressions, and (3) decreases of neutrophil infiltration by levosimendan in peritonitis-induced sepsis animals suggest that anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis effects of levosimendan contribute to prolonged survival.

Levosimendan attenuates multiple organ injury and improves survival in peritonitis-induced septic shock: studies in a rat model