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Background  It has been shown – mostly in animal models - that circadian clock genes are expressed in granulosa cells and in corpora luteum and might be essential for the ovulatory process and steroidogenesis.    Objective  We sought to investigate which circadian clock genes exist in human granulosa cells and whether their expression and activity decrease during aging of the ovary.    Study design  Human luteinized granulosa cells were isolated from young (age 18–33) and older (age 39–45) patients who underwent in-vitro fertilization treatment. Levels of clock genes expression were measured in these cells 36 h after human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation.    Methods  Human luteinized granulosa cells were isolated from follicular fluid during oocyte retrieval. The mRNA expression levels of the circadian genes  CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, CLOCK, ARNTL, ARNTL2 , and  NPAS2  were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.    Results  We found that the circadian genes  CRY1, CRY2, PER1, PER2, CLOCK, ARNTL, ARNTL2 , and  NPAS2 , are expressed in cultured human luteinized granulosa cells. Among these genes, there was a general trend of decreased expression in cells from older women but it reached statistical significance only for  PER1  and  CLOCK  genes (fold change of 0.27 ± 0.14;  p  = 0.03 and 0.29 ± 0.16;  p  = 0.05, respectively).    Conclusions  This preliminary report indicates that molecular circadian clock genes exist in human luteinized granulosa cells. There is a decreased expression of some of these genes in older women. This decline may partially explain the decreased fertility and steroidogenesis of reproductive aging.

Is the aging human ovary still ticking?: Expression of clock-genes in luteinized granulosa cells of young and older women