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Background  CD8 +  tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (T-TILs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play an important role in tumor development, and miRNAs regulate tumor cell interactions with the microenvironment. T-TIL-based tumor immunotherapy provides a promising treatment strategy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). MiRNAs tend to be attractive targets for novel antitumor interventions.    Methods  Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), CIBERSORT analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to identify CD8 +  T-TIL-related miRNAs. RT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), luciferase reporter assay, coimmunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analyses were used to detect miRNA, mRNA and protein expression and their combination. The viability and function of CD8 +  T cells after stimulation were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cytotoxicity assay, functional avidity assessment, flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. DLBCL cell lines, primary cells and a murine xenograft model established with A20 cell injection were used as in vitro and in vivo experimental models.    Results  MiR-340-5p was positively correlated with CD8 +  T-TILs in DLBCL patients, and KMT5A was a direct target gene of miR-340-5p. CD8 +  T-cell function was significantly enhanced by miR-340-5p mimics both in vitro and in vivo, which was reversed by KMT5A overexpression. We demonstrated that COP1/CD73 was involved in the downstream mechanism of the miR-340-5p/KMT5A axis involving ubiquitination. In vivo, we validated an improved CD8 +  T-TIL infiltration rate and tumor suppression with miR-340-5p treatment. Furthermore, miR-340-5p directly regulated the biological activity of DLBCL cells without CD8 +  T-cell participation.    Conclusions  MiR-340-5p promoted CD8 +  T-TIL infiltration and antitumor function by regulating KMT5A and COP1 and further activating CD73 ubiquitination. MiR-340-5p is potentially a novel target for DLBCL immunotherapy.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01752-2.

MiRNA-340-5p mediates the functional and infiltrative promotion of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma