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Background  MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to function in many different cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and development.  miR-181a , - 181b ,  -181c  and  -181d  are  miR-181  members of the family, which has been rarely studied, especially uveal melanoma.    Methods  The expression level of miR-181 family in human uveal melanoma cell lines was measured via real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The function of miR-181 on cell cycle was detected through Flow Cytometry assay. Microarray assay and Bioinformatics analysis were used to find the potential target of miR-181b, and dual-luciferase reporter assays further identified the target gene.    Results   MiR-181  family members were found to be highly homologous across different species and their upregulation significantly induces UM cell cycle progression. Of the family members,  miR-181b  was significantly overexpressed in UM tissues and most UM cells. Bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed CTDSPL as a target of  miR-181b .  miR-181b  over-expression inhibited CTDSPL expression, which in turn led to the phosphorylation of RB and an accumulation of the downstream cell cycle effector E2F1, promoting cell cycle progression in UM cells. Knockdown CTDSPL using siRNAs showing the same effect, including increase of E2F1 and the progression of cell cycle.    Conclusions   MiR-181  family members are key negative regulators of CTDSPL-mediated cell cycle progression. These results highlight that  miR-181  family members, especially  miR-181b , may be useful in the development of miRNA-based therapies and may serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic candidate for UM.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0679-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The miR-181 family promotes cell cycle by targeting CTDSPL, a phosphatase-like tumor suppressor in uveal melanoma