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Background  Compared with HLA-matched sibling donor (MSD) transplant, the outcomes of haploidentical donor (HID) transplant for refractory acute leukemia need to be further explored. In this study, we compared the outcomes of HID with MSD for refractory acute leukemia.    Patients and methods  This study population came from two prospective multicenter trials (NCT01883180, NCT02673008). Two hundred and seventy-eight patients with refractory acute leukemia were enrolled in this study, including 119 in HID group and 132 in MSD group. Sequential intensified conditioning was employed in all patients, and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) was administered in patients in the absence of active GVHD and according to minimal residual disease (MRD) from day + 60 post-transplantation for preventing relapse.    Results  The complete remission of leukemia by day + 30 post-transplant were 94% and 93%, respectively, in HID and MSD groups ( p  = .802). The 1-year incidence of grades II–IV acute GVHD was 62% and 54% ( p  = .025), and 3-year incidence of chronic GVHD was 55% and 55% ( p  = .789), respectively, in two groups. HID transplant had lower incidence of first episode of MRD positivity and relapse than MSD transplant (28% vs 45%,  p  = .006; 26% vs 38%,  p  = .034). There was higher infection-related mortality in HID than MSD (8% vs 2%,  p  = .049) within the first 100 days’ post-transplant. The 5-year overall survival was 46% and 42% ( p  = .832), respectively; the 5-year disease-free survival was 43% and 39% ( p  = .665), in HID and MSD groups, respectively.    Conclusions  HID transplant has lower relapse, but higher infection-related mortality and similar survival rates in refractory acute leukemia by the strategy of sequential intensified conditioning followed by DLI compared with MSD transplant.

journal of hematology and oncology

Haploidentical versus HLA-matched sibling transplantation for refractory acute leukemia undergoing sequential intensified conditioning followed by DLI: an analysis from two prospective data