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Background  POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes) syndrome still has no standard treatment. On the basis that both POEMS syndrome and myeloma have an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia, anti-myeloma therapy can be expected to be useful for POEMS syndrome. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has been used in the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). No POEMS syndrome cases treated with anti-BCMA CAR-T cells have been reported.    Case presentation  Here, we, for the first time, report a POEMS syndrome case treated with anti-BCMA CAR-T cell s . A 49-year-old female with incapacitating POEMS syndrome that progressed on lenalidomide treatment was enrolled in a phase I study involving anti-BCMA CAR-T cell s  (ChiCTR-OPC-16009113). Another patient with RRMM who had undergone six prior lines treatments was also enrolled in the study. They received infusions of anti-BCMA CAR-T cells. Both patients achieved a stringent complete response. Complete remission persisted in the patient with POEMS syndrome and lasted for 7.6 months before a relapse in RRMM patient. Both patients had toxicity consistent with the grade 1 cytokine release syndrome.    Conclusions  This is the first report of treatment by anti-BCMA CAR-T cells in POEMS syndrome. Our findings demonstrate the anti-BCMA CAR-T cell treatment may be a feasible therapeutic option for patients with POEMS syndrome and RRMM who do not respond well to traditional therapies.    Trial registration  ChiCTR-OPC,  ChiCTR-OPC-16009113 . Registered 29 August 2016.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0672-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Anti-BCMA CAR-T cells for treatment of plasma cell dyscrasia: case report on POEMS syndrome and multiple myeloma