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Background  Recent data have shown that γδ T cells can act as mediators for immune defense against tumors. Our previous study has demonstrated that persisting clonally expanded  TRDV4  T cells might be relatively beneficial for the outcome of patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, little is known about the distribution and clonality of the  TRDV  repertoire in T cell receptor (TCR) of γδ T cells and their effects on the clinical outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The aim of this study was to assess whether the oligoclonal expansion of TCR  V δ T cells could be used as an immune biomarker for AML outcome.    Findings  γδ T cells were sorted from the peripheral blood of 30 patients with untreated AML and 12 healthy donors. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sizes of eight TCR  V δ subfamily genes ( TRDV1  to  TRDV8 ) were analyzed in sorted γδ T cells using RT-PCR and GeneScan. The most frequently expressed  TRDV  subfamilies in the AML patients were  TRDV8  (86.67 %) and  TRDV 2 (83.33 %), and the frequencies for  TRDV1 ,  TRDV3 ,  TRDV4 , and  TRDV6  were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. The most frequent clonally expanded  TRDV  subfamilies in the AML patients included  TRDV8  (56.67 %) and  TRDV4  (40 %). The clonal expansion frequencies of the  TRDV2  and  TRDV4  T cells were significantly higher than those in healthy individuals, whereas a significantly lower  TRDV1  clonal expansion frequency was observed in those with AML. Moreover, the oligoclones of  TRDV4  and  TRDV8  were independent protective factors for complete remission. Furthermore, the oligoclonal expansion frequencies of  TRDV5  and  TRDV6  in patients with relapse were significantly higher than those in non-recurrent cases.    Conclusions  To the best of our knowledge, we characterized for the first time a significant alteration in the distribution and clonality of the  TRDV  subfamily members in γδ T cells sorted from AML patients. Clonally expanded  TRDV4  and  TRDV8  T cells might contribute to the immune response directed against AML, while oligoclonal  TRDV5  and  TRDV6  might occur in patients who undergo relapse. While the function of such γδ T cell clones requires further investigation,  TRDV  γδ T cell clones might be potential immune biomarkers for AML outcome.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0353-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Oligoclonal expansion of TCR Vδ T cells may be a potential immune biomarker for clinical outcome of acute myeloid leukemia