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Background Acute leukemias represent the main malignancies occurring among children under the age of 15 years. Around 17% corresponds to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow complements the diagnosis of hematological malignancies, therefore finding chromosomal aberrations provides a more reliable prognosis of the disease. Among the cytogenetic aberrations, sole trisomy is frequent in malignant neoplasias, but few cases related to AML have been reported. Case presentation We report a sole trisomy 6 in a pediatric patient diagnosed as AML M4 and poor progression. We carried out a literature review of AML patients with sole trisomy 6 and compared their evolution against AML patients with normal karyotype. Conclusions This is the first case of pediatric AML M4 with this cytogenetic finding. Sole trisomy 6 is infrequently reported in AML but scarce in pediatric cases. Based on overall survival analysis, we suggest that sole trisomy 6 could be associated with poor prognosis, in both, adult as well as pediatric AML.

Sole trisomy 6 an uncommon finding in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia, probably associated to bad prognosis