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Background  Polyploidy, although still poorly explored, represents an important evolutionary event in several cyprinid clades. Herein,  Catlocarpio siamensis  and  Probarbus jullieni  - representatives of the paleotetraploid tribe Probarbini, were characterized both by conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods.    Results  Alike most other paleotetraploid cyprinids (with 2n = 100), both species studied here shared 2n = 98 but differed in karyotypes:  C. siamensis  displayed 18m + 34sm + 46st/a; NF = 150, while  P. jullieni  exhibited 26m + 14sm + 58st/a; NF = 138. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes revealed two (5S) and eight (18S) signals in  C. siamensis , respectively, and six signals for both probes in  P. jullieni . FISH with microsatellite motifs evidenced substantial genomic divergence between both species. The almost doubled size of the chromosome pairs #1 in  C. siamensis  and #14 in  P. jullieni  compared to the rest of corresponding karyotypes indicated chromosomal fusions.    Conclusion  Based on our findings, together with likely the same reduced 2n = 98 karyotypes in the remainder Probarbini species, we hypothesize that the karyotype 2n = 98 might represent a derived character, shared by all members of the Probarbini clade. Besides, we also witnessed considerable changes in the amount and distribution of certain repetitive DNA classes, suggesting complex post-polyploidization processes in this small paleotetraploid tribe.

Chromosomes of Asian cyprinid fishes: cytogenetic analysis of two representatives of small paleotetraploid tribe Probarbini