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Background  Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (< 36 °C) occurs frequently during elective cesarean delivery and most institutions do employ perioperative active warming. The purpose of this retrospective observational cohort study was to determine if the addition of preoperative forced air warming in conjunction with intraoperative underbody forced air warming improved core temperature and reducing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia during elective repeat elective cesarean delivery with neuraxial anesthesia.    Methods  We evaluated the addition of perioperative active warming to standard passive warming methods (preheated intravenous/irrigation fluids and cotton blankets) in 120 parturients scheduled for repeat elective cesarean delivery (passive warming, n = 60 vs. active + passive warming, n = 60) in a retrospective observational cohort study. The primary outcomes of interest were core temperature at the end of the procedure and a decrease in inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (< 36 °C). Secondary outcomes were surgical site infections and adverse markers of neonatal outcome.    Results  The mean temperature at the end of surgery after instituting the active warming protocol was 36.0 ± 0.5  ° C (mean ± SD, 95% CI 35.9–36.1) vs. 35.4 ± 0.5  ° C (mean ± SD, 95% CI 35.3–35.5) compared to passive warming techniques ( p  <  0.001) and the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia at the end of the procedure was less in the active warming group - 68% versus 92% in the control group ( p  <  0.001). There was no difference in surgical site infections or neonatal outcomes.    Conclusions  Perioperative active warming in combination with passive warming techniques was associated with a higher maternal temperature and lower incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia with no detectable differences in surgical site infections or indicators of adverse neonatal outcomes.

Improving intraoperative temperature management in elective repeat cesarean deliveries: a retrospective observational cohort study