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Glycine cleavage system (GCS) plays a key role in one-carbon (C1) metabolism related to the biosynthesis of a number of key intermediates with significance in both biomedicine and biotechnology. Despite extensive studies of the proteins (H, T, P and L) involved and the reaction mechanisms of this important enzyme complex little quantitative data are available. In this work, we have developed a simple HPLC method for direct analysis and quantification of the apo- and lipoylated forms (H apo  and H lip ) of the shuttle protein H, the latter (H lip ) is essential for the function of H protein and determines the activity of GCS. Effects of temperature, concentrations of lipoic acid and H apo  and the expression of H protein on its lipoylation were studied. It is found that H lip  is as low as only 20–30% of the total H protein with lipoic acid concentration in the range of 10–20 μM and at a favorable temperature of 30 °C. Furthermore, H apo  seems to inhibit the overall activity of GCS. We proposed a strategy of co-expressing LplA to improve the lipoylation of H protein and GCS activity. With this strategy the fraction of H lip  was increased, for example, from 30 to 90% at a lipoic acid concentration of 20 μM and GCS activity was increased by more than 2.5 fold. This work lays a quantitative foundation for better understanding and reengineering the GCS system.

Quantitative study of H protein lipoylation of the glycine cleavage system and a strategy to increase its activity by co-expression of LplA