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Background  Semi-domesticated reindeer represent an important livestock industry and livelihood for a proportion of the human population in northern Fennoscandia. Reindeer husbandry is considered an extensive animal husbandry, where the animals are kept mostly on natural pastures, although sometimes kept in fenced areas for shorter periods. These reindeer may harbour a variety of parasites that may affect animal health and production. The relatively limited close contact between herds and owners gives limited opportunities for diagnosis and treatment of diseases in general. Furthermore, the effects of subclinical parasitism in livestock are commonly expressed as a reduction in productivity rather than clinical disease and mortality. Thus, specific knowledge of endoparasites and parasitic infections in these herds is scarce. This study investigated the occurrence of various endoparasites in reindeer by analysis of a total of 114 faecal samples from winter-slaughtered reindeer from two different grazing areas in Troms and Finnmark, Norway.    Results  Using a McMaster method, a Baermann technique, and a direct immunofluorescent antibody test, the following parasites were identified in the faecal samples with the occurrence data given as percentages: Strongylid eggs (62%), Nematodirinae spp. eggs (24%),  Capillaria  sp. eggs (42%) and  Moniezia  spp. eggs (17%),  Dictyocaulus  spp. larvae (14%) protostrongylid larvae (40%),  Eimera  spp. oocysts (23%), and  Giardia duodenalis  cysts (5%).  Cryptosporidium  oocysts were not detected. Parasite eggs, oocysts, and cysts were quantified.  Molecular analysis revealed  G. duodenalis  sub-assemblage AI, a potentially zoonotic genotype not previously reported in reindeer from this region. Morphological analyses of  Eimeria  oocysts identified two species,  Eimeria mayeri  and  Eimeria rangiferis , and molecular analyses of the cytochrome C oxidase I ( coi ) gene and 18 s rRNA ( 18SSU ) gene of  Eimeria  confirmed the presence of  Eimeria  species that are specific to reindeer.    Conclusions  A high prevalence, but low burden, of endoparasites was detected in samples from these semi-domesticated reindeer. The samples were collected during winter, when adult gastrointestinal parasites usually produce only low numbers of transmission stages. Therefore, together with the low number of samples, detailed and definitive conclusions regarding parasite status of semi-domesticated reindeer are avoided. Nevertheless, these data provide a snapshot overview of parasite occurrence in a semi-domesticated animal group vulnerable to the various environmental changes to which they are exposed.

Occurrence of faecal endoparasites in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in two grazing areas in northern Norway