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Background  We investigate here the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from stool samples of yellow-legged gulls and chickens (n = 136) in urban parks and beaches of Marseille, France. Bacterial isolation was performed on selective media, including MacConkey agar with ceftriaxone and LBJMR medium. Antibiotic resistance genes, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (i.e.  bla  CTX-M ,  bla  TEM  and  bla  SHV ), carbapenemases ( bla  KPC ,  bla  VIM ,  bla  NDM ,  bla  OXA-23 ,  bla  OXA-24 ,  bla  OXA-48  and  bla  OXA-58 ) and colistin resistance genes ( mcr -1 to  mcr -5) were screened by real-time PCR and standard PCR and sequenced when found.    Results  Of the 136 stools samples collected, seven ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) and 12 colistin-resistant  Enterobacteriaceae  were isolated. Among them, five ESBL-producing  Escherichia coli  and eight colistin-resistant  Hafnia alvei  strains were identified. Four  bla  TEM-1  genes were detected in yellow-legged gulls and chickens. Three CTX-M-15 genes were detected in yellow-legged gulls and pigeons, and one CTX-M-1 in a yellow-legged gull. No  mcr -1 to  mcr -5 gene were detected in colistin-resistant isolates. Genotyping of  E. coli  strains revealed four different sequence types already described in humans and animals and one new sequence type.    Conclusions  Urban birds, which are believed to have no contact with antibiotics appear as potential source of ESBL genes. Our findings highlight the important role of urban birds in the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria and also the possible zoonotic transmission of such bacteria from wild birds to humans.

Investigation of urban birds as source of β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Marseille city, France