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Background  Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in Western countries but the exact pathogenic mechanism of the disease is still largely unknown. An infectious etiology and infection-induced inflammation has been suggested to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and  Propionibacterium acnes  has been reported as the most prevalent microorganism in prostatic tissue. We investigated the frequency and types of  P. acnes  isolated from prostate tissue samples from men with prostate cancer and from control patients without the disease.    Methods  We included 100 cases and 50 controls in this study. Cases were men diagnosed with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and controls were men undergoing surgery for bladder cancer without any histological findings of prostate cancer. Six biopsies taken from each patient’s prostate gland at the time of surgery were used for cultivation and further characterization of  P. acnes .    Results  The results revealed that  P. acnes  was more common in men with prostate carcinoma than in controls, with the bacteria cultured in 60 % of the cases vs. 26 % of the controls ( p  = 0.001). In multivariable analyses, men with  P. acnes  had a 4-fold increase in odds of a prostate cancer diagnosis after adjustment for age, calendar year of surgery and smoking status (OR: 4.46; 95 % CI: 1.93–11.26). To further support the biologic plausibility for a  P. acnes  infection as a contributing factor in prostate cancer development, we subsequently conducted cell-based experiments.  P. acnes-  isolates were co-cultured with the prostate cell line PNT1A. An increased cell proliferation and cytokine/chemokine secretion in infected cells was observed.    Conclusion  The present study provides further evidence for a role of  P. acnes  in prostate cancer development.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13027-016-0074-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Frequency and typing of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue obtained from men with and without prostate cancer