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Background  Optic nerve injury is an important pathological component in neurodegenerative diseases such as traumatic optic neuropathies and glaucoma. The molecular signaling pathway(s) critical for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after axonal insult, however, is/are not fully defined. RGC death after axonal injury is known to occur by BAX-dependent apoptosis. Two transcription factors JUN (the canonical target of JNK) and DDIT3 (CHOP; a key mediator of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response) are known to be important apoptotic signaling molecules after axonal injury, including in RGCs. However, neither  Jun  nor  Ddit3  deficiency provide complete protection to RGCs after injury. Since  Jun  and  Ddit3  are important apoptotic signaling molecules, we sought to determine if their combined deficiency might provide additive protection to RGCs after axonal injury.    Methods  To determine if DDIT3 regulated the expression of JUN after an axonal insult, mice deficient for  Ddit3  were examined after optic nerve crush (ONC). In order to critically test the importance of these genes in RGC death after axonal injury, RGC survival was assessed at multiple time-points after ONC (14, 35, 60, and 120 days after injury) in  Jun ,  Ddit3,  and combined  Jun/Ddit3  deficient mice. Finally, to directly assess the role of JUN and DDIT3 in axonal degeneration, compound actions potentials were recorded from  Jun ,  Ddit3,  and  Jun / Ddit3  deficient mice after ONC.    Results  Single and combined deficiency of  Jun  and  Ddit3  did not appear to alter gross retinal morphology.  Ddit3  deficiency did not alter expression of JUN after axonal injury. Deletion of both  Jun  and  Ddit3  provided significantly greater long-term protection to RGCs as compared to  Jun  or  Ddit3  deficiency alone. Finally, despite the profound protection to RGC somas provided by the deficiency of  Jun  plus  Ddit3 , their combined loss did not lessen axonal degeneration.    Conclusions  These results suggest JUN and DDIT3 are independently regulated pro-death signaling molecules in RGCs and together account for the vast majority of apoptotic signaling in RGCs after axonal injury. Thus, JUN and DDIT3 may represent key molecular hubs that integrate upstream signaling events triggered by axonal injury with downstream transcriptional events that ultimately culminate in RGC apoptosis.

Together JUN and DDIT3 (CHOP) control retinal ganglion cell death after axonal injury