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Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common human genetic disease with age-dependent phenotype progression. The overview of clinical and radiological findings evaluated by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) in NF1 patients &lt; 3 years old assessed with a genetic contribution to disease progression is presented herein. Methods This study included 70 clinically or genetically diagnosed NF1 patients who received WBMRI before 3 years old. Clinical, genetic, and radiologic features were collected by retrospective chart review. In NF1 + , widely spread diffuse cutaneous neurofibromas, developmental delay, autism, seizure, cardiac abnormalities, hearing defect, optic pathway glioma, severe plexiform neurofibromas (&gt; 3 cm in diameter, disfigurement, accompanying pain, bony destruction, or located para-aortic area), brain tumors, nerve root tumors, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, moyamoya disease, and bony dysplasia were included. Results The age at WBMRI was 1.6 ± 0.7 years old, and  NF1  mutations were found in 66 patients (94.3%). Focal areas of signal intensity (FASI) were the most common WBMRI finding (66.1%), followed by optic pathway glioma (15.7%), spine dural ectasia (12.9%), and plexiform neurofibromas (10.0%). Plexiform neurofibromas and NF1 +  were more prevalent in familial case (28.7% vs 5.7%,  p  = 0.030; 71.4% vs 30.2%,  p  = 0.011). Follow-up WBMRI was conducted in 42 patients (23 girls and 19 boys) after 1.21 ± 0.50 years. FASI and radiologic progression were more frequent in patients with mutations involving GTPase activating protein-related domain (77.8% vs 52.4%,  p  = 0.047; 46.2% vs 7.7%,  p  = 0.029). Conclusions WBMRI provides important information for the clinical care for young pediatric NF1 patients. As NF1 progresses in even these young patients, and is related to family history and the affected  NF1  domains, serial evaluation with WBMRI should be assessed based on the clinical and genetic features for the patients’ best care.

Whole-body MRI evaluation in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients younger than 3 years old and the genetic contribution to disease progression