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Purpose  To investigate risk factors of bone cement leakage in percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP)for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).    Methods  A total of 236 patients (344 vertebrae) who underwent PVP between November 2016 and June 2020 were enrolled in the study. Clinical and radiological characteristics, including age, gender, course of disease, trauma, type of vertebral fracture, cortical continuity of vertebral body, intervertebral vacuum cleft (IVC), fracture severity, fracture level, basivertebral foramen, bone cement dispersion types, the cement injection volume, the type of cement leakage, puncture approach, and intrusion of the posterior wall, were considered as potential risk factors. Three types of leakage (type-B, type-C, and type-S) were defined and risk factors for each type were analyzed. Logistic analysis was used to study the relationship between each factor and the type of cement leakage.    Results  The incidences of the three types of leakage were 28.5%, 24.4%, and 34.3%. The multinomial logistic analysis revealed that the factors of type-B leakage were the shape of cement and basivertebral foramen. One significant factor related to type-C leakage was cortical disruption, and the factors of type-S leakage were bone cement dispersion types, basivertebral foramen, cleft, fracture severity, an intrusion of the posterior wall, and gender.    Conclusion  Different types of cement leakage have their own risk factors, and the analysis of risk factors of these might be helpful in reducing the rate of cement leakage.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-021-02337-1.

Risk factors of postoperative bone cement leakage on osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a retrospective study