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Background  Large segmental bone defects are still one of the challenges for orthopaedic surgeons. Although 3D-printed porous titanium is a potential bone substitute material because of its porous structure simulating natural bone, the titanium surface has low bioactivity, integrates with bone tissue through the simple mechanical interlock. The study aims to investigate the capability and osteogenesis of 3D-printed porous titanium (3D PPT)-coated polydopamine (PDA) for repairing bone defects.    Methods  Fifteen 6-month New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with PDA-3D PPT to repair 6 mm × 10 mm defects on the femoral condyle compared with the group of 3D PPT and comparing with the blank group. After 6 weeks and 12 weeks, micro-CT and histological examination were performed to observe bone growth.    Results  All the PDA-3D PPT group, the 3D PPT group and the blank group recovered in good condition. The images showed that the boundaries between the implant area and the surrounding area were obscure in the three groups. The results of micro-CT demonstrated that at 6 weeks and 12 weeks, the bone volume (BV) values of PDA-3D PPT implants group were significantly higher than those of the 3D PPT implants group and blank group ( P  < 0.05), the BV/tissue volume (TV) and the trabecular number (Tb.N) of PDA-3D PPT implants were significantly higher than those of the 3D PPT group and blank group ( P  < 0.05). The results of un-decalcified bone slicing showed that ore new bone appeared to form around the PDA-3D PPT than that of 3D PPT and blank group. The bone-implant contact (BIC) of PDA-3D PPT was better ( P  < 0.05) than that of 3D PPT group.    Conclusion  PDA-3D PPT could improve the bioactivity and promote the growth and healing of bone tissue and can be a promising repairing material.

3D-printed titanium implant-coated polydopamine for repairing femoral condyle defects in rabbits