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Background  Accurate comprehension of the normal humeral morphology is crucial for anatomical reconstruction in shoulder arthroplasty. However, traditional morphological measurements for humerus were mainly based on cadaver and radiography. The purpose of this study was to provide a series of precise and repeatable parameters of the normal proximal humerus for arthroplasty, based on the three-dimensional (3-D) measurements.    Methods  Radiographic and 3-D computed tomography (CT) measurements of the proximal humerus were performed in a sample of 120 consecutive adults. Sex differences, two image modalities differences, and correlations of the parameters were evaluated. Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).    Results  In the male group, all parameters except the neck-shaft angle of humerus, based on 3-D CT images, were greater than those in the female group ( P  < 0.05). All variables were significantly different between two image modalities ( P  < 0.05). In 3-D CT measurement, all parameters expect neck-shaft angle had correlation with each other ( P  < 0.001), particularly between two diameters of the humeral head ( r  = 0.907). All parameters in the 3-D CT measurement had excellent reproducibility (ICC range, 0.878 to 0.936) that was higher than those in the radiographs (ICC range, 0.741 to 0.858).    Conclusions  The present study suggested that 3-D CT was more reproducible than plain radiography in the assessment of morphology of the normal proximal humerus. Therefore, this reproducible modality could be utilized in the preoperative planning. Our data could serve as an effective guideline for humeral component selection and improve the design of shoulder prosthesis.

Compared to X-ray, three-dimensional computed tomography measurement is a reproducible radiographic method for normal proximal humerus