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Background  To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and  α / β -values after fractionated carbon ion irradiations of the rat spinal cord with varying linear energy transfer (LET) to benchmark RBE-model calculations.    Material and methods  The rat spinal cord was irradiated with 6 fractions of carbon ions at 6 positions within a 6 cm spread-out Bragg-peak (SOBP, LET: 16–99 keV/μm). TD 50 -values (dose at 50% complication probability) were determined from dose-response curves for the endpoint radiation induced myelopathy (paresis grade II) within 300 days after irradiation. Based on TD 50 -values of 15 MV photons, RBE-values were calculated and adding previously published data, the LET and fractional dose-dependence of the RBE was used to benchmark the local effect model (LEM I and IV).    Results  At six fractions, TD 50 -values decreased from 39.1 ± 0.4 Gy at 16 keV/μm to 17.5 ± 0.3 Gy at 99 keV/μm and the RBE increased accordingly from 1.46 ± 0.05 to 3.26 ± 0.13. Experimental  α / β -ratios ranged from 6.9 ± 1.1 Gy to 44.3 ± 7.2 Gy and increased strongly with LET. Including all available data, comparison with model-predictions revealed that (i) LEM IV agrees better in the SOBP, while LEM I fits better in the entrance region, (ii) LEM IV describes the slope of the RBE within the SOBP better than LEM I, and (iii) in contrast to the strong LET-dependence, the RBE-deviations depend only weakly on fractionation within the measured range.    Conclusions  This study extends the available RBE data base to significantly lower fractional doses and performes detailed tests of the RBE-models LEM I and IV. In this comparison, LEM IV agrees better with the experimental data in the SOBP than LEM I. While this could support a model replacement in treatment planning, careful dosimetric analysis is required for the individual patient to evaluate potential clinical consequences.

radiation oncology

Fractionated carbon ion irradiations of the rat spinal cord: comparison of the relative biological effectiveness with predictions of the local effect model