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Background  The differential diagnosis between radiation necrosis, tumor recurrence and tumor progression is crucial for the evaluation of treatment response and treatment planning.  The appearance of treatment-induced tissue necrosis on conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is similar to brain tumor recurrence and it could be difficult to differentiate the two entities on follow-up MRI examinations.  Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-enhanced (DSC) and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) are MRI perfusion techniques that use an exogenous, intravascular, non-diffusible gadolinium-based contrast agent.  The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of DSC and DCE perfusion MRI in the differential diagnosis between radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence, in the follow-up of primary and metastatic intra-axial brain tumors after Stereotactic RadioSurgery (SRS) performed with CyberKnife.    Methods  A total of 72 enhancing lesions (57 brain metastases and 15 primary brain tumors) were analyzed with DCE and DSC, by means of MRI acquisition performed by 1,5 Tesla MR scanner. The statistical relationship between the diagnosis of tumor recurrence or radiation necrosis, decided according to clinicoradiologically criteria, rCBV and Ktrans was evaluated by the point-biserial correlation coefficient respectively.    Results  The statistical analysis showed a correlation between the diagnosis of radiation necrosis or recurrent tumor with Ktrans (rpb = 0.54,  p  < 0.001) and with rCBV (rpb = 0.37,  p  = 0.002).  The ROC analysis of rCBV values demonstrated a good classification ability in differentiating radiation necrosis from tumour recurrence as well as the Ktrans. The optimal cut-off value for rCBV was k = 1.23 with 0.88 of sensitivity and 0.75 of specificity while for Ktrans was k = 28.76 with 0.89 of sensitivity and 0.97 of specificity.    Conclusions  MRI perfusion techniques, particularly DCE, help in the differential diagnosis by tumor recurrence and radiation necrosis during the follow-up after radiosurgery.

radiation oncology

DCE and DSC perfusion MRI diagnostic accuracy in the follow-up of primary and metastatic intra-axial brain tumors treated by radiosurgery with cyberknife