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Background  Level IB metastasis is rare in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study is to investigate the high-risk factors for level IB metastasis and evaluate the feasibility of omission of elective irradiation to level IB in the low-risk subgroups in NPC.    Methods  This retrospective study identified 532 patients with NPC treated by definitive radiation in our institution from 2009 to 2010. Level IB nodes were electively irradiated based on the physician’s decision. Diagnostic head and neck MRIs were reviewed. The involvements of nodal levels were evaluated according to 2013 updated guidelines of RTOG. The correlations of level IB metastasis and other factors were studied using Chi-square test and logistic regression model. Log-rank tests were used to compare survival rates. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of various factors. Patient-reported xerostomia was recoded in every follow-up and the extents of delayed xerostomia at 1 year post-radiation were compared between those with/without elective level IB irradiation.    Results  N stage, bilateral nodal metastasis, level II involvement, level IIA involvement, level IIA with multiple levels involvement, maximal axial diameter (MAD) of level IIA nodes > 20 mm, MAD of neck lymph nodes > 30 mm, necrosis of level IIA nodes, extracapsular spread of level IIA correlated with level IB metastasis by univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis (MVA), bilateral nodal involvement, MAD of level IIA nodes > 20 mm or extracapsular spread of level IIA nodes, were independent predictive factors for level IB metastasis. Patients without either these factors were denoted low-risk group and the rest high-risk group. Of the low-risk group, there was no significant difference of regional control and overall survival (OS) between those with or without elective irradiation. The percentage of level IB recurrence of those without elective irradiation was 0.46%. Elective level IB irradiation was not significant upon MVA both for regional control and OS. Of the high-risk group, elective level IB irradiation was marginal significant for regional control, but not for OS upon MVA. No regional recurrence located at level IB. Overall, omission of elective irradiation to level IB reduced the mean doses of submandibular glands, but did not improve patient-reported xerostomia.    Conclusion  For patients without high-risk factors of level IB metastasis, omission of elective level IB irradiation did not impair regional control and OS in NPC.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13014-017-0869-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

radiation oncology

The feasibility analysis of omission of elective irradiation to level IB lymph nodes in low-risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on the 2013 updated consensus guideline for neck nodal levels