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Background  Adoption of low back pain guidelines is a well-documented problem. Information to guide the development of behaviour change interventions is needed. The review is the first to synthesise the evidence regarding physicians’ barriers to providing evidence-based care for LBP using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Using the TDF allowed us to map specific physician-reported barriers to individual guideline recommendations. Therefore, the results can provide direction to future interventions to increase physician compliance with evidence-based care for LBP.    Methods  We searched the literature for qualitative studies from inception to July 2018. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligibility and extracted data on study characteristics, reporting quality, and methodological rigour. Guided by a TDF coding manual, two reviewers independently coded the individual study themes using NVivo. After coding, we assessed confidence in the findings using the GRADE-CERQual approach.    Results  Fourteen studies ( n  = 318 physicians) from 9 countries reported barriers to adopting one of the 5 guideline-recommended behaviours regarding in-clinic diagnostic assessments (9 studies,  n  = 198), advice on activity (7 studies,  n  = 194), medication prescription (2 studies,  n  = 39), imaging referrals (11 studies,  n  = 270), and treatment/specialist referrals (8 studies,  n  = 193).  Imaging behaviour  is influenced by (1)  social influence — fr om patients requesting an image or wanting a diagnosis ( n  = 252, 9 studies), (2)  beliefs about consequence— physicians believe that providing a scan will reassure patients ( n  = 175, 6 studies), and (3)  environmental context and resources— physicians report a lack of time to have a conversation with patients about diagnosis and why a scan is not needed ( n  = 179, 6 studies).  Referrals to conservative care  is influenced by  environmental context and resources —long wait-times or a complete lack of access to adjunct services prevented physicians from referring to these services ( n  = 82, 5 studies).    Conclusions  Physicians face numerous barriers to providing evidence-based LBP care which we have mapped onto 7 TDF domains. Two to five TDF domains are involved in determining physician behaviour, confirming the complexity of this problem. This is important as interventions often target a single domain where multiple domains are involved. Interventions designed to address all the domains involved while considering context-specific factors may prove most successful in increasing guideline adoption.    Registration  PROSPERO 2017,  CRD42017070703Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-019-0884-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

implementation science

Physician-reported barriers to using evidence-based recommendations for low back pain in clinical practice: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies using the Theoretical Domains Framework