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Background   Pyropia  is an economically advantageous genus of red macroalgae, which has been cultivated in the coastal areas of East Asia for over 300 years. Realizing estimation of macroalgae biomass in a high-throughput way would great benefit their cultivation management and research on breeding and phenomics. However, the conventional method is labour-intensive, time-consuming, manually destructive, and prone to human error. Nowadays, high-throughput phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based spectral imaging is widely used for terrestrial crops, grassland, and forest, but no such application in marine aquaculture has been reported.    Results  In this study, multispectral images of cultivated  Pyropia yezoensis  were taken using a UAV system in the north of Haizhou Bay in the midwestern coast of Yellow Sea. The exposure period of  P. yezoensis  was utilized to prevent the significant shielding effect of seawater on the reflectance spectrum. The vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), difference vegetation index (DVI) and normalized difference of red edge (NDRE) were derived and indicated no significant difference between the time that  P. yezoensis  was completely exposed to the air and 1 h later. The regression models of the vegetation indices and  P. yezoensis  biomass per unit area were established and validated. The quadratic model of DVI (Biomass = − 5.550DVI 2  + 105.410DVI + 7.530) showed more accuracy than the other index or indices combination, with the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative estimated accuracy (Ac) values of 0.925, 8.06, and 74.93%, respectively. The regression model was further validated by consistently predicting the biomass with a high R 2  value of 0.918, RMSE of 8.80, and Ac of 82.25%.    Conclusions  This study suggests that the biomass of  Pyropia  can be effectively estimated using UAV-based spectral imaging with high accuracy and consistency. It also implied that multispectral aerial imaging is potential to assist digital management and phenomics research on cultivated macroalgae in a high-throughput way.

Biomass estimation of cultivated red algae Pyropia using unmanned aerial platform based multispectral imaging