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Background  We have recently developed a simple, rapid, and relatively-cheap method for matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) sample preparation that is applicable to plant material (in addition to microbial and insect material), and have used this to discriminate between closely-related  Impatiens  species and between regional biotypes of the invasive weed  Impatiens glandulifera  (commonly known as Himalayan balsam) using leaf samples. In the current paper, we have developed a complementary MALDI-TOF MS-based method for use with seeds. We have employed a combination of principal-component analysis and blind-tested comparison between reference-sample MALDI-TOF MS spectra and test-sample spectra to discriminate, on the basis of the acid-soluble seed-protein spectra generated by our method, between four regional biotypes of  I. glandulifera  from within the UK that differ in their susceptibility to the biological control agent Himalayan balsam rust ( Puccinia komarovii  var.  glanduliferae ).    Results  Peak-rich and highly-reproducible spectra were obtained and, in blind testing with test seeds collected in 2017 against reference seeds collected in 2017, we observed 100% identification accuracy in 12 blind tests. In blind testing with test seeds collected in 2016 against reference seeds collected in 2017, we observed 92% identification accuracy in 12 blind tests.    Conclusions  MALDI-TOF MS analysis of seed material is able to discriminate between regional biotypes of  I. glandulifera . MALDI-TOF MS therefore has the potential to improve the efficiency and efficacy of weed biological control using co-evolved natural enemies of invasive non-native plant species, through the matching of biological control agents with susceptible regional biotypes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-019-0412-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Discrimination between regional biotypes of Impatiens glandulifera using a simple MALDI-TOF MS-based method for use with seeds