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Background   Rhizobium rhizogenes  transformation is commonly used to generate transgenic roots traditionally called hairy roots, for both investigative and commercial applications. While fertile plants can be regenerated from transgenic roots, the transgenic roots are more typically used directly, either to investigate root biology or to produce valuable secondary metabolites. Hairy roots have been particularly useful for genetic studies of rhizosphere interactions; including the recognition of host plant roots by the roots of parasitic angiosperms.    Results  In this manuscript we analyzed various environmental, nutritional and procedural conditions for their effects on transformation of the model hemi-parasitic plant  Triphysaria versicolor  and  Arabidopsis thaliana , one of its hosts. We first examined the effects of media, gelling agents and co-incubation times on  Triphysaria  root transformation and determined that while all three affected transformation rates, the media were the most significant. Once those primary conditions were fixed, we examined the roles of seedling age, explant type, acetosyringone, temperature and illumination on  Triphysaria  hairy root transformation rates. Using the optimized procedure approximately 70% of  Triphysaria  seedlings developed transgenic roots as judged by expression of YFP. These conditions were then used to transform  Arabidopsis  and similar transformation rates were obtained.    Conclusions  Analyses of root transformation factors provides a method recovering transgenic roots from both parasitic plants and their hosts at high frequency. In addition to providing an effective in vitro approach for genetic investigations of parasitic plant-host plant interactions, these results are applicable to genetic studies of non-parasitic plants as well.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-018-0327-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

plant methods

Factors affecting the efficiency of Rhizobium rhizogenes root transformation of the root parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor and its host Arabidopsis thaliana