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Background  Matrix-assisted laser-desorption and ionisation time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) is a powerful tool for the characterisation and/or identification of protein-containing samples. Several MALDI-TOF MS sample-preparation methods are currently available but few of these are well suited to the analysis of plant material. We have recently developed a simple, rapid, and relatively-cheap method for MALDI-TOF MS that is applicable to plant material (in addition to microbial and insect material), and our aim in this study was to distinguish between closely-related plant species and/or between regional biotypes within an invasive weed species using this method with a view to optimising the selection of biological control agents that can be used for weed management.    Results  We have employed a combination of principal-component analysis and closest-relatedness diagrams derived from MALDI-TOF MS spectral-comparison data to discriminate between the closely-related  Impatiens  spp.  Impatiens noli - tangere ,  Impatiens parviflora ,  Impatiens scabrida ,  Impatiens balsamina , and two regional biotypes of the invasive weed  Impatiens glandulifera . We have also developed a method for sample discrimination based upon comparison between blind-test MALDI-TOF MS spectra and reference-sample spectra. Using this latter method, we have been able to discriminate on the basis of the acid-soluble-protein mass spectra generated between four regional biotypes of  I. glandulifera  that differ in their susceptibility to the biological control agent Himalayan balsam rust ( Puccinia komarovii  var.  glanduliferae ) using mature leaf material. Using younger leaves, discrimination was not possible between these four regional biotypes.    Conclusions  MALDI-TOF MS analysis is able to discriminate between closely-related plant species within the genus  Impatiens  and between regional biotypes of  I. glandulifera . Because of this, MALDI-TOF MS holds great promise for improving weed biological control, a management technique which uses highly-specific co-evolved natural enemies for the control of an invasive non-native plant species, through the optimal matching of biological control agents with susceptible target species/regional biotypes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-018-0323-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

plant methods

Differentiation between closely-related Impatiens spp. and regional biotypes of Impatiens glandulifera using a highly-simplified and inexpensive method for MALDI-TOF MS