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Background   Juglans  is a difficult-to-root tree. In the present study, we successfully rejuvenated stock plants by grafting and then burying them horizontally.    Results  Rooting rates of rejuvenated shoots were 98.1% 20 days after cutting. We recorded spatial and temporal variation in endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin A 3  (GA 3 ) and zeatin-riboside (ZR) under root induction. The four types of endohormones were mainly confined to the phloem sieve and companion cells (S&Cs) at the base of either rejuvenated or mature soft shoots. IAA and ABA levels were higher in rejuvenated shoots than in mature shoots, whereas the opposite was true for GA 3  and ZR. During rooting induction, GA 3  was the first hormone to be observed outside phloem S&Cs, followed by IAA, ABA and ZR. In rejuvenating soft shoots, IAA accumulated in the cross-sectional areas of the cambium and phloem, where root primordia were evident.    Conclusions  The improvement in the rooting ability that was evident after rejuvenation most likely results a transformation of the plant to a juvenile form, from elevated IAA levels in phloem S&Cs and from a promotion of all four endohormones outside phloem S&Cs, in particular, from an accumulation of IAA in the cross-sectional areas of the cambium and phloem.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13007-018-0280-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A novel rejuvenation approach to induce endohormones and improve rhizogenesis in mature Juglans tree