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Background  Traditional knowledge (TK) on the different uses of under-valued fruit tree species including  Gardenia erubescens  Stapf & Hutch.—a plant species of least concern (LC) based on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification yet considered threatened due to overharvesting by a National Assessment in addition to 59 other species in Burkina Faso. This study aimed to collect and synthesize information on traditional knowledge and cultural importance of  G .  erubescens . This information will contribute to document traditional knowledge systems that are fast eroding due to the lack of transmission of the knowledge and will also highlight  G .  erubescens  as a priority species for conservation given that this species is widely used among householders in rural areas in Burkina Faso.    Methods  This study assesses TK on the uses and cultural importance (CI) of  G .  erubescens , among 514 randomly selected respondents across 15 villages bordering three community forest areas located in Eastern and Centre-Western Regions of Burkina Faso through face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Additionally, the uses and CI of  G .  erubescens  were evaluated in relation to informant’s gender, ethnicity, generation, and location. Ethnobotanical indices (relative frequency of citation, relative use value, and CI) were computed using generalized linear models, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests.    Results  Results indicated 30 specific uses of  G .  erubescens  of which food values recorded the highest uses as reported by 58.97% respondents followed by medicine (17.22%) with a very low 0.23% for magical uses. Food and medicinal uses were the most important for women while men valued more the species for constructions, cultural, and magical uses. The fruit is the most preferred and marketable part of the plant while the leaves, fruits, roots, leafy twigs, and bark are mainly harvested for pharmacopeia and psycho-magical problems.    Conclusions  Traditional knowledge on the uses of  G .  erubescens  varied significantly in relation to gender, ethnicity, generations, and case study locations. Despite the importance of  G .  erubescens  for food and other livelihood values, this specie is of LC to the IUCN; yet, a National Assessment considers it as threatened. The multiple uses of this specie based on TK systems for uses such as food, income, medicine, etc. is an indication that  G .  erubescens  if sustainable managed could form an important safety net especially for rural households in Burkina Faso that are highly dependent on trees and forest resources.

Traditional knowledge and cultural importance of Gardenia erubescens Stapf & Hutch. in Sudanian savanna of Burkina Faso