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Background  HIV-infected individuals continue to  experience neurocognitive deterioration despite virologically successful treatments. The causes of neurocognitive impairment are still unclear. However, several factors have been suggested including the role of genetics. There is evidence suggesting that neurocognitive impairment is heritable and individual differences in cognition are strongly driven by genetic variations. The contribution of genetic variants affecting the metabolism and activity of dopamine may influence these individual differences.    Methods  The present study explored the relationship between two candidate genes  (DRD4  and  DRD2 ) and neurocognitive performance in HIV-infected adults. A total of 267 HIV-infected adults were genotyped for polymorphisms,  DRD4  48 bp-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR),  DRD2  rs6277 and  ANKK1  rs1800497. The Short Category (SCT), Color Trail (CTT) and Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Tests (ROCT) were used to measure executive function and memory.    Results  Results showed significant associations with the SNP rs6277 and impaired executive function (odds ratio = 3.3, 95 % CI 1.2–2.6; p = 0.004) and cognitive flexibility (odds ratio = 1.6, 95 % CI 2.0–5.7; p = 0.001). The results were further stratified by race and sex and significant results were seen in males (odds ratio = 3.5, 95 % CI 1.5–5.5; p = 0.008) and in African Americans (odds ratio = 3.1, 95 % CI 2.3–3.5; p = 0.01). Also,  DRD4  VNTR 7-allele was significantly associated with executive dysfunction.    Conclusion  The study shows that genetically determined differences in the SNP rs6277  DRD2  gene and  DRD4  48 bp VNTR may be risk factors for deficits in executive function and cognitive flexibility.

DRD2 and DRD4 genes related to cognitive deficits in HIV-infected adults who abuse alcohol