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Background  This study aims to investigate the effects of water soluble particulate matter (WSPM) on the viability and protein expression profile of human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549 in the Bayou Obo rare earth mining area, and explore the influence of WSPM on the A549 cell cycle.    Results  It was found that WSPM can inhibit the viability of A549 cells and induce cell arrest in the G2/M phase. Compared with controls, exposure to WSPM10 and WSPM2.5 induced 134 and 116 proteins to be differentially expressed in A549 cells, respectively. In addition, 33 and 31 differentially expressed proteins were further confirmed, and was consistent with the proteomic analysis. The most prominent enrichment in ribosome-associated proteins were presented. When  RPL6 ,  RPL13 , or  RPL18A  gene expression was inhibited, A549 cells were arrested in the G1 phase, affecting the expression of  Cyclin D1 ,  p21 ,  RB1 ,  Cyclin A2 ,  Cyclin B1 ,  CDC25A ,  CDK2 ,  CHEK2  and  E   2   F   1  . Furthermore, the La 3+ , Ce 3+ , Nd 3+  and F -  in WSPM also inhibited the viability of A549 cells. After 24 h of exposure to 2 mM of NaF, A549 cells were also arrested in the G2/M phase, while the other three compounds did not have this effect. These four compounds affected the cell cycle regulatory factors in A549 cells, mainly focusing on effecting the expression of  CDK2 ,  CDK4 ,  RB1 ,  ATM ,  TP53  and  MDM2  genes. These results are consistent with the those from WSPM exposure.    Conclusions  These results revealed that WSPM from rare earth mines decreased the viability of A549 cells, and induced cell cycle G2/M phase arrest, and even apoptosis, which may be independent of the NF-κB/MYD88 pathway, and be perceived by the TLR4 receptor. The dysfunction of the cell cycle is correlated to the down-expression of ribosomal proteins (RPs). However, it is not the direct reason for the A549 cell arrest in the G2/M phase. La 3+ , Ce 3+ , and F -  are probably the main toxic substances in WSPM, and may be regulate the A549 cell cycle by affecting the expression of genes, such as  MDM2, RB1, ATM, TP53, E   2   F   1  ,  CDK2  and  CDK4 . These results indicate the importance for further research into the relationship between APM and lung cancer.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00416-z.

Effects of water-soluble components of atmospheric particulates from rare earth mining areas in China on lung cancer cell cycle