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Background  Air pollution from particulate matter (PM) has been linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however the underlying biological mechanisms remain to be uncovered. Gene regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) that are transferred between cells by extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in PM-induced cardiovascular risk. This study sought to determine if ambient PM 2.5  levels are associated with expression of EV-encapsulated miRNAs (evmiRNAs), and to investigate the participation of such evmiRNAs in pathways related to cardiovascular disease (CVD).    Methods  We estimated the short- (1-day), intermediate- (1-week and 1-month) and long-term (3-month, 6-month, and 1-year) moving averages of ambient PM 2.5  levels at participants’ addresses using a validated hybrid spatio-temporal land-use regression model. We collected 42 serum samples from 22 randomly selected participants in the Normative Aging Study cohort and screened for 800 miRNAs using the NanoString nCounter® platform. Mixed effects regression models, adjusted for potential confounders were used to assess the association between ambient PM 2.5  levels and evmiRNAs. All  p -values were adjusted for multiple comparisons.  In-silico  Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was performed to identify biological pathways that are regulated by PM-associated evmiRNAs.    Results  We found a significant association between long-term ambient PM 2.5  exposures and levels of multiple evmiRNAs circulating in serum. In the 6-month window, ambient PM 2.5  exposures were associated with increased levels of miR-126-3p (0.74 ± 0.21;  p  = 0.02), miR-19b-3p (0.52 ± 0.15;  p  = 0.02), miR-93-5p (0.78 ± 0.22;  p  = 0.02), miR-223-3p (0.74 ± 0.22;  p  = 0.02), and miR-142-3p (0.81 ± 0.21;  p  = 0.03). Similarly, in the 1-year window, ambient PM 2.5  levels were associated with increased levels of miR-23a-3p (0.83 ± 0.23;  p  = 0.02), miR-150-5p (0.90 ± 0.24;  p  = 0.02), miR-15a-5p (0.70 ± 0.21;  p  = 0.02), miR-191-5p (1.20 ± 0.35;  p  = 0.02), and let-7a-5p (1.42 ± 0.39;  p  = 0.02).  In silico  pathway analysis on PM 2.5 -associated evmiRNAs identified several key CVD-related pathways including oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.    Conclusions  We found an association between long-term ambient PM 2.5  levels and increased levels of evmiRNAs circulating in serum. Further observational studies are warranted to confirm and extend these important findings in larger and more diverse populations, and experimental studies are needed to elucidate the exact roles of evmiRNAs in PM-induced CVD.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0121-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ambient particulate matter and microRNAs in extracellular vesicles: a pilot study of older individuals