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Background  Due to the wide application of engineered aluminum oxide nanoparticles and increased aluminum containing particulate matter suspending in air, exposure of human to nano-scale aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al 2 O 3  NPs) is becoming inevitable.    Methods  In the present study, RNA microarray coupled with metabolomics analysis were used to uncover mechanisms underlying cellular responses to Al 2 O 3  NPs and imply the potential rescue.    Results  We found that Al 2 O 3  NPs significantly triggered down-regulation of mitochondria-related genes located in complex I, IV and V, which were involved in oxidative phosphorylation and neural degeneration pathways, in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. Subsequent cell- and animal- based assays confirmed that Al 2 O 3  NPs caused mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and oxidative stress either in vitro or in vivo, which were consistent with the trends of gene regulation. To rescue the Al 2 O 3  NPs induced mitochondria dysfunction, disruption of small molecular metabolites of HBE were profiled using metabolomics analysis, which facilitates identification of potential antagonizer or supplement against nanoparticle-involved damages. Supplementation of an antioxidant, acetyl-L-carnitine, completely or partially restored the Al 2 O 3  NPs modulated gene expression levels in mitochondrial complex I, IV and V. It further reduced apoptosis and oxidative damages in both Al 2 O 3  NPs treated HBE cells and animal lung tissues.    Conclusion  Thus, our results demonstrate the potential mechanism of respiratory system damages induced by Al 2 O 3  NPs. Meanwhile, based on the metabolomics profiling, application of acetyl-L-carnitine is suggested to ameliorate mitochondria dysfunction associated with Al 2 O 3  NPs.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0115-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An acetyl-L-carnitine switch on mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue in the metabolomics study on aluminum oxide nanoparticles