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It is more than 25 years ago that the late Paul Morrow published his paper entitled “Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs” [1]. The paper had a major impact on our thinking on the retained dose and clearance upon inhalation of respirable dust. We have to realize that in those years’ asbestos, man-made mineral fibres and coal-mine dust induced pulmonary diseases dominated the publications. Particle and Fibre Toxicology was not yet started, and fundamental discussions on general particle paradigms were disseminated through Inhalation Toxicology and general Toxicology journals, such as the journal chosen by Paul Morrow, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. Ambient fine particles and nanoparticles were not yet explored by particle toxicologists, [which is hard to imagine] in stark contrast to these days, where 90% of papers in Particle and Fibre Toxicology focus on nanomaterials, and fundamental mechanisms of particle induced cell damage.

Lung particle overload: old school –new insights?