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Background  Traffic-related air pollution may contribute to cardiovascular morbidity. In urban areas, exposures during physical activity are of interest owing to increased breathing rates and close proximity to vehicle emissions.    Methods  We conducted a cross-over study among 53 healthy non-smoking women in Montreal, Canada during the summer of 2013. Women were exposed to traffic pollutants for 2-hours on three separate occasions during cycling on high and low-traffic routes as well as indoors. Personal air pollution exposures (PM 2.5 , ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon, NO 2 , and O 3 ) were evaluated along each route and linear mixed-effects models with random subject intercepts were used to estimate the impact of air pollutants on acute changes in blood pressure, heart rate variability, and micro-vascular function in the hours immediately following exposure. Single and multi-pollutant models were examined and potential effect modification by mean regional air pollution concentrations (PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and O 3 ) was explored for the 24-hour and 5-day periods preceding exposure.    Results  In total, 143 exposure routes were completed. Each interquartile increase (10,850/cm 3 ) in UFP exposure was associated with a 4.91% (95% CI: -9.31, -0.512) decrease in reactive hyperemia index (a measure of micro-vascular function) and each 24 ppb increase in O 3  exposure corresponded to a 2.49% (95% CI: 0.141, 4.84) increase in systolic blood pressure and a 3.26% (95% CI: 0.0117, 6.51) increase in diastolic blood pressure 3-hours after exposure. Personal exposure to PM 2.5  was associated with decreases in HRV measures reflecting parasympathetic modulation of the heart and regional PM 2.5  concentrations modified these relationships (p < 0.05). In particular, stronger inverse associations were observed when regional PM 2.5  was higher on the days prior to the study period. Regional PM 2.5  also modified the impact of personal O 3  on the standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN) (p < 0.05): a significant inverse relationship was observed when regional PM 2.5  was low prior to study periods and a significant positive relationship was observed when regional PM 2.5  was high.    Conclusion  Exposure to traffic pollution may contribute to acute changes in blood pressure, autonomic and micro-vascular function in women. Regional air pollution concentrations may modify the impact of these exposures on autonomic function.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0070-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

particle and fibre toxicology

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity and acute changes in blood pressure, autonomic and micro-vascular function in women: a cross-over study