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Background  The  GC  haplotype of the vitamin D binding protein (encoded by the  GC  gene) might be a risk factor to the vitamin D (VD) nutritional status for many populations, while evidences from the Chinese Han population are sparse. We test the association between vitamin D binding protein genotypes and VD status as well as the metabolic parameters of glucose and lipids in a Han Chinese population.    Methods  In a cross-sectional study conducted at a health examination centre (registered in  ClinicalTrials.gov  as QLS2013), 2641 adults were included and grouped according to their plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations as VD deficient (VDD), insufficient (VDI), or sufficient (VDS). The rs7041 and rs4588 genotypes were analysed with a molecular beacon-based qPCR method using blood samples.    Results  Plasma 25OHD concentrations were lower in the  GC 2/2, rs7041T/T, and rs4588A/A genotypes than the  GC 1f/1s, rs7041G/T, and rs4588C/C genotypes ( P  <  0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the  GC 2 haplotype increased the risk of low VD status ( P  <  0.05) in both genders. More genotypic models revealed the negative contributions of rs4588A than rs7041T to low VD status ( P  <  0.05). The combined rates of VDD and VDI were 80.2% in males and 86.1% in females. Compared with VDI, VDS, or both, VDD showed higher plasma concentrations of fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in males ( P  <  0.05); however, no significant differences were found with regard to these parameters between the subgroups defined by the  GC  genotypes ( P  > 0.05).    Conclusions  In a Han Chinese population, the  GC2  haplotype or more exactly rs4588A is a risk factor for low VD status but is not associated with glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, which are inversely correlated with the circulating 25OHD concentration in males.    Trial registration  The study was retrospectively registered in January 2018 as  NCT03406234  in the  ClinicalTrials.gov  online system.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-019-0332-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The GC2 haplotype of the vitamin D binding protein is a risk factor for a low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in a Han Chinese population