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Background  Higher dietary intake of fibers and coffee, but lower red meat intake is associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes in epidemiological studies. We hypothesized that a calorie-restricted diet, which is high in fiber and coffee, but free of red meat, improves beta-cell function in patients with T2D.    Methods  In a randomized parallel-group pilot trial, obese type 2 diabetes patients were randomly allocated to consume either a diet high in cereal fiber and coffee, but free of red meat ( n  = 17) (L-RISK) or a diet low in fiber, free of coffee but high in red meat ( n  = 20) (H-RISK) for 8 weeks. Insulin secretion was assessed from glucagon stimulation tests (GST) and mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTT) before and after dietary intervention.    Results  Both diets resulted in comparable reduction of fasting concentrations of insulin (H-RISK -28% vs. L-RISK -32%,  both   p  < 0.01), C-peptide (H-RISK -26% vs. L-RISK -30%,  both   p  < 0.01) and blood glucose (H-RISK -6.8%,  p  < 0.05 vs. L-RISK -10%,  p  < 0.01). Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) secretion increased by 24% after 8 weeks in the L-RISK only ( p  < 0.01). However, GST and MMTT showed no differences in insulin secretion after intervention.    Conclusions  Calorie restriction independent of the intake of fiber, coffee or meat failed to improve beta-cell function, but improved GIP secretion in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.    Trial registration  Registration at Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier number:  NCT01409330 , Registered 4 August 2011 – Retrospectively registered.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12986-018-0324-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

nutrition and metabolism

An 8-week diet high in cereal fiber and coffee but free of red meat does not improve beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial