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Background  Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses that cause diseases in fish, amphibians and insects. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) is isolated from cultured grouper and characterized as a ranavirus. ICP46 is defined to be a core gene of the family Iridoviridae and SGIV ICP46 was demonstrated to be an immediate-early (IE) gene associated with cell growth control and could contribute to virus replication in previous research.    Methods  The transcription start site (TSS) and 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of SGIV ICP46 were determined using 5′ RACE. The core promoter elements of ICP46s were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. The core promoter region and the regulation model of SGIV ICP46 promoter were revealed by the construction of serially deleted promoter plasmids, transfections, drug treat and luciferase reporter assays. The identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) that interact with SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter were performed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), DNA pull-down assays and mass spectrometry (MS).    Results  SGIV ICP46 was found to have short 5′-UTR and a presumptive downstream promoter element (DPE), AGACA, which locates at + 36 to + 39 nt downstream of the TSS. The core promoter region of SGIV ICP46 located from − 22 to + 42 nt relative to the TSS. VATTs were involved in the promoter activation of SGIV ICP46 and further identified to be VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP. A 10-base DNA sequence “ATGGCTTTCG” between the TSS and presumptive DPE was determined to be the binding site of the VATTs.    Conclusion  Our study showed that four VAATs (VP12, VP39, VP57 and MCP) might bind with the SGIV ICP46 promoter and be involved in the promoter activation. Further, the binding site of the VATTs on promoter was a 10-base DNA sequence between the TSS and presumptive DPE.

Identification of virion-associated transcriptional transactivator (VATT) of SGIV ICP46 promoter and their binding site on promoter