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Background  Modern prosthetic hands are typically controlled using skin surface electromyographic signals (EMG) from remaining muscles in the residual limb. However, surface electrode performance is limited by changes in skin impedance over time, day-to-day variations in electrode placement, and relative motion between the electrodes and underlying muscles during movement: these limitations require frequent retraining of controllers. In the presented study, we used chronically implanted intramuscular electrodes to minimize these effects and thus create a more robust prosthetic controller.    Methods  A study participant with a transradial amputation was chronically implanted with 8 intramuscular EMG electrodes. A K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) regression velocity controller was trained to predict intended joint movement direction using EMG data collected during a single training session. The resulting KNN was evaluated over 12 weeks and in multiple arm posture configurations, with the participant controlling a 3 Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) virtual reality (VR) hand to match target VR hand postures. The performance of this EMG-based controller was compared to a position-based controller that used movement measured from the participant’s opposite (intact) hand. Surface EMG was also collected for signal quality comparisons.    Results  Signals from the implanted intramuscular electrodes exhibited less crosstalk between the various channels and had a higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio than surface electrode signals. The performance of the intramuscular EMG-based KNN controller in the VR control task showed no degradation over time, and was stable over the 6 different arm postures. Both the EMG-based KNN controller and the intact hand-based controller had 100% hand posture matching success rates, but the intact hand-based controller was slightly superior in regards to speed (trial time used) and directness of the VR hand control (path efficiency).    Conclusions  Chronically implanted intramuscular electrodes provide negligible crosstalk, high SNR, and substantial VR control performance, including the ability to use a fixed controller over 12 weeks and under different arm positions. This approach can thus be a highly effective platform for advanced, multi-DOF prosthetic control.

Stable, three degree-of-freedom myoelectric prosthetic control via chronic bipolar intramuscular electrodes: a case study