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Background   Meligethes  are pollen-beetles associated with flowers of Rosaceae as larvae. This genus currently consists of 63 known species in two subgenera,  Meligethes  and  Odonthogethes,  predominantly occurring in the eastern Palaearctic. We analyzed 74 morphological and ecological characters (169 states) of all species, as well as of 11 outgroup species from 7 Meligethinae genera (including  Brassicogethes ), to investigate their phylogeny. We also conducted a parallel molecular analysis on 9  Meligethes , 9  Odonthogethes , 3  Brassicogethes  and 2  Meligethinus  species based on DNA sequence data from mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and nuclear (CAD) genes.    Results  Morphological phylogenetic reconstructions supported the monophyly of the whole genus and clades corresponding to purported subgenera  Meligethes  s.str. and  Odonthogethes.  Main species-groups were mostly confirmed, however some unresolved polytomies remained. Molecular data placed members of  Brassicogethes  (including 42 mostly W Palearctic species associated with Brassicaceae) as sister to  Odonthogethes,  with this clade being sister to  Meligethes  s.str. This phylogenetic scenario suggests that monophyletic  Meligethes  s.str.,  Odonthogethes  and  Brassicogethes  should be regarded alternatively as three subgenera of a monophyletic  Meligethes , or three genera in a monophyletic genus-complex, with mutually monophyletic  Brassicogethes  and  Odonthogethes . Molecular analyses estimated the origin of this lineage at ca. 14–15 Mya from a common stem including  Meligethinus .    Conclusions  We hypothesize that the ancestor of  Meligethes  specialized on Rosaceae in the Middle Miocene (likely in Langhian Age) and subsequently radiated during Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene maintaining a trophic niche on this plant family. This radiation was primarily due to geographic isolation in E Asiatic mountain systems. Combined evidence from morphology, ancestral state parsimony reconstruction of host-plant associations and molecular evidence suggested that Rosoideae ( Rosa  spp.) represented the ancestral hosts of  Meligethes  s.str., followed by an independent shift of ancestral  Odonthogethes  (ca. 9–15 Mya) on  Rubus  (Rosoideae) and members of Rosaceae Spiraeoideae. Other ancestral  Odonthogethes  probably shifted again on the unrelated plant family Brassicaceae (maybe 8–14 Mya in S China), allowing a rapid westward radiation of the  Brassicogethes  clade.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00390-4.

frontiers in zoology

Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and pollen beetles: exploring relationships and evolution in an anthophilous beetle lineage (Nitidulidae, Meligethes-complex of genera) using an integrative approach