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Background  Accumulation of senescent cells has been associated with pro-inflammatory effects with deleterious consequences in different human diseases. The purpose of this study was to analyze cell senescence in human synovial tissues (ST), and its impact on the pro-inflammatory function of synovial fibroblasts (SF).    Results  The expression of the senescence marker p16INK4a (p16) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and normal ST from variably aged donors. The proportion of p16(+) senescent cells in normal ST from older donors was higher than from younger ones. Although older RA and OA ST showed proportions of senescent cells similar to older normal ST, senescence was increased in younger RA ST compared to age-matched normal ST. The percentage of senescent SA-β-gal(+) SF after 14 days in culture positively correlated with donor’s age. Initial exposure to H 2 O 2  or TNFα enhanced SF senescence and increased mRNA expression of  IL6 ,  CXCL8 ,  CCL2  and  MMP3  and proteins secretion. Senescent SF show a heightened  IL6 ,  CXCL8  and  MMP3  mRNA and IL-6 and IL-8 protein expression response upon further challenge with TNFα. Treatment of senescent SF with the senolytic drug fenofibrate normalized  IL6 ,  CXCL8  and  CCL2  mRNA expression.    Conclusions  Accumulation of senescent cells in ST increases in normal aging and prematurely in RA patients. Senescence of cultured SF is accelerated upon exposure to TNFα or oxidative stress and may contribute to the pathogenesis of synovitis by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Senescent synovial fibroblasts accumulate prematurely in rheumatoid arthritis tissues and display an enhanced inflammatory phenotype