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Background  Ageing is accompanied by reduced immunity, termed immunesenescence. The immune system does not act in isolation and is sensitive to both psychological and physical stress. Hip fracture is a common physical stressor in older adults with a high incidence of new onset depression, which relates to poorer prognosis. We therefore set out to examine the possible synergistic effects of physical stress (hip fracture) and psychological stress (depressive symptoms) on the aged immune system.    Results  T cell phenotype and function was assessed in 101 hip fracture patients (81 female) 6 weeks after hip fracture and 43 healthy age-matched controls (26 female). 38 fracture patients had depressive symptoms at 6 weeks. T cell frequency (p = .01) and numbers (p = .003) were both lower in depressed hip fracture patients compared to healthy controls. The frequency of senescent CD28 -ve  (p = .001), CD57 +ve  (p = .001), KLRG1 +ve  (p = .03) CD8 T cells, as well as senescent CD28 -ve  CD4 +ve  (p = .01) and CD57 +ve  CD4 +ve  (p = .003) T cells were higher in depressed hip fracture patients compared with healthy controls and the frequency of CD28 -ve  CD8 T cells was also higher when compared to patients with hip fracture alone (p = .01). Additionally, activated CD69 +ve  (p = .005) and HLADR +ve  (p < .001) CD8 T cells, were also higher in depressed hip fracture patients compared to healthy controls. On examining cytokine production by activated T cells, a significant increase in TNFα (p = .03) and IL6 (p = .04) production was observed in CD4 T cells from hip fracture patients with depressive symptoms compared to healthy controls.    Conclusions  As none of the patients in the study had a prior history of depression, our data suggest that the development of depressive symptoms in hip fracture patients is associated with altered T cell phenotype and increased pro-inflammatory function which is not seen in patients who do not develop depression after hip fracture. Treating depressive symptoms promptly in hip fracture patients may therefore improve immunity and outcomes in these patients.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12979-014-0025-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Depressive symptoms post hip fracture in older adults are associated with phenotypic and functional alterations in T cells