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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis and is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus. Bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLAs) are used extensively as markers of disease and immunological traits in cattle. For BLV diagnosis, proviral load is a major diagnosis index for the determination of disease progression and transmission risk. Therefore, we investigated the frequency of  BoLA - DRB3  alleles,  BoLA - DQA1  alleles, and haplotypes of  BoLA class II  isolated from the heads of 910 BLV-infected cows out of 1290 cows assessed from BLV-positive farms, in a nationwide survey from 2011 to 2014 in Japan. Our aim was to identify  BoLA  class II polymorphisms associated with the BLV proviral load in the Holstein cow. The study examined 569 cows with a high proviral load and 341 cows with a low proviral load. Using the highest odds ratio (OR) as a comparison index, we confirmed that  BoLA - DRB3  was the best marker for determining which cow spread the BLV (OR 13.9 for  BoLA - DRB3 , OR 11.5 for  BoLA - DQA1 , and OR 6.2 for  BoLA  class II haplotype). In addition,  DRB3*002:01 ,  *009:02 ,  *012:01 ,  *014:01 , and  *015:01  were determined as BLV provirus associated alleles.  BoLA - DRB3*002:01 ,  *009:02 , and  *014:01  were determined as resistant alleles (OR > 1), and  BoLA - DRB3*012:01  and  *015:01  were determined as susceptible alleles (OR < 1). In this study, we showed that  BoLA - DRB3  was a good marker for determining which cow spread BLV, and we found not only one resistant allele ( BoLA - DRB3*009:02 ), but also two other disease-resistant alleles and two disease-susceptible alleles. This designation of major alleles as markers of susceptibility or resistance can allow the determination of the susceptibility or resistance of most cows to disease. Overall, the results of this study may be useful in eliminating BLV from farms without having to separate cows into several cowsheds.

retrovirology

Bovine leukemia virus proviral load is more strongly associated with bovine major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3 polymorphism than with DQA1 polymorphism in Holstein cow in Japan