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Background  The oral immunomodulatory agent laquinimod is currently evaluated for multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment. Phase II and III studies demonstrated a reduction of degenerative processes. In addition to anti-inflammatory effects, laquinimod might have neuroprotective properties, but its impact on the visual system, which is often affected by MS, is unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate potential protective effects of laquinimod on the optic nerve and retina in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model.    Methods  We induced EAE in C57/BL6 mice via MOG 35–55  immunization. Animals were divided into an untreated EAE group, three EAE groups receiving laquinimod (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg daily), starting the day post-immunization, and a non-immunized control group. Thirty days post-immunization, scotopic electroretinograms were carried out, and mice were sacrificed for histopathology (HE, LFB), immunohistochemistry (MBP, Iba1, Tmem119, F4/80, GFAP, vimentin, Brn-3a, cleaved caspase 3) of the optic nerve and retina, and retinal qRT-PCR analyses ( Brn-3a ,  Iba1 ,  Tmem119 ,  AMWAP ,  CD68 ,  GFAP ). To evaluate the effect of a therapeutic approach, EAE animals were treated with 25 mg/kg laquinimod from day 16 when 60% of the animals had developed clinical signs of EAE.    Results  Laquinimod reduced neurological EAE symptoms and improved the neuronal electrical output of the inner nuclear layer compared to untreated EAE mice. Furthermore, cellular infiltration, especially recruited phagocytes, and demyelination in the optic nerve were reduced. Microglia were diminished in optic nerve and retina. Retinal macroglial signal was reduced under treatment, whereas in the optic nerve macroglia were not affected. Additionally, laquinimod preserved retinal ganglion cells and reduced apoptosis. A later treatment with laquinimod in a therapeutic approach led to a reduction of clinical signs and to an improved b-wave amplitude. However, no changes in cellular infiltration and demyelination of the optic nerves were observed. Also, the number of retinal ganglion cells remained unaltered.    Conclusion  From our study, we deduce neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of laquinimod on the optic nerve and retina in EAE mice, when animals were treated before any clinical signs were noted. Given the fact that the visual system is frequently affected by MS, the agent might be an interesting subject of further neuro-ophthalmic investigations.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1208-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Laquinimod protects the optic nerve and retina in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model