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Background  After focal brain injuries occur, in addition to the effects that are attributable to the primary site of damage, the resulting functional impairments depend highly on changes that occur in regions that are remote but functionally connected to the site of injury. Such effects are associated with apoptotic and inflammatory cascades and are considered to be important predictors of outcome. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive technique that is used to treat various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies and enhance functional recovery after brain damage.    Objective  This study examined the efficacy of rTMS in mitigating remote degeneration and inflammation and in improving functional recovery in a model of focal brain damage.    Methods  Rats that were undergoing hemicerebellectomy (HCb) were treated with an rTMS protocol for 7 days, and neuronal death indices, glial activation, and functional recovery were assessed.    Results  rTMS significantly reduced neuronal death and glial activation in remote regions and improved functional recovery.    Conclusions  Our finding opens up a completely new scenario for exploiting the potential of rTMS as an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory treatment.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0616-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces remote apoptotic cell death and inflammation after focal brain injury