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Background  Despite the strong association between epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities, few biological substrates are currently described. We have previously reported neuropathological alterations in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients with major depression and psychosis that suggest a morphological and neurochemical basis for psychopathological symptoms. Neuroinflammatory-related structures and molecules might be part of the altered neurochemical milieu underlying the association between epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidities, and such features have not been previously investigated in humans.    Methods  MTLE hippocampi of subjects without psychiatric history (MTLE W ), MTLE + major depression (MTLE + D), and MTLE + interictal psychosis (MTLE + P) derived from epilepsy surgery and control necropsies were investigated for reactive astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), activated microglia (human leukocyte antigen, MHC class II (HLA-DR)), glial metallothionein-I/II (MT-I/II), and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) immunohistochemistry.    Results  We found an increased GFAP immunoreactive area in the molecular layers, granule cell layer, and  cornus ammonis  region 2 (CA2) and  cornus ammonis  region 1 (CA1) of MTLE W  and MTLE + P, respectively, compared to MTLE + D. HLA-DR immunoreactive area was higher in  cornus ammonis  region 3 (CA3) of MTLE + P, compared to MTLE + D and MTLE W , and in the hilus, when compared to MTLE W . MTLE W  cases showed increased MT-I/II area in the granule cell layer and CA1, compared to MTLE + P, and in the parasubiculum, when compared to MTLE + D and MTLE + P. Differences between MTLE and control, such as astrogliosis, microgliosis, increased MT-I/II, and decreased perivascular AQP4 in the epileptogenic hippocampus, were in agreement to what is currently described in the literature.    Conclusions  Neuroinflammatory-related molecules in MTLE hippocampus show a distinct pattern of expression when patients present with a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, similar to what is found in the pure forms of schizophrenia and major depression. Future studies focusing on inflammatory characteristics of MTLE with psychiatric comorbidities might help in the design of better therapeutic strategies.

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with psychiatric comorbidities: a place for differential neuroinflammatory interplay