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Background  Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a diacyl-glycerophospholipid that acts as a signaling molecule in numerous cellular processes. Recently, PA has been proposed to stimulate skeletal muscle protein accretion, but mechanistic studies are lacking. Furthermore, it is unknown whether co-ingesting PA with other leucine-containing ingredients can enhance intramuscular anabolic signaling mechanisms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if oral PA feeding acutely increases anabolic signaling markers and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in gastrocnemius with and without whey protein concentrate (WPC).    Methods  Overnight fasted male Wistar rats (~250 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON, n = 6-13), PA (29 mg;  n  = 8), WPC (197 mg;  n  = 8), or PA + WPC ( n  = 8). Three hours post-feeding, gastrocnemius muscle was removed for markers of Akt-mTOR signaling, gene expression patterns related to skeletal muscle mass regulation and metabolism, and MPS analysis via the SUnSET method.    Results  Compared to CON rats, PA, WPC and PA + WPC resulted in a significant elevation in the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2481) and rps6 (Ser235/236) ( p  < 0.05) in the gastrocnemius though there were no differences between the supplemented groups. MPS levels in the gastrocnemius were significantly ( p  < 0.05) elevated in WPC versus CON rats, and tended to be elevated in PA versus CON rats ( p  = 0.08), though MPS was less in PA + WPC versus WPC rats ( p  < 0.05) in spite of robust increases in mTOR pathway activity markers in the former group. C 2 C 12  myoblast data agreed with the  in vivo  data herein showing that PA increased MPS levels 51 % ( p  < 0.001) phosphorylated p70s6k (Thr389) levels 67 % ( p  < 0.001).    Conclusions  Our results are the first  in vivo  evidence to demonstrate that PA tends to increases MPS 3 h post-feeding, though PA may delay WPC-mediated MPS kinetics within a 3 h post-feeding window.

Effects of oral phosphatidic acid feeding with or without whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in rodent skeletal muscle