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Background  Both ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease can cause disturbances in the myocardial blood volume (MBV), myocardial perfusion and the myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV). Recent studies suggest that native myocardial T1 mapping can detect changes in MBV during adenosine stress without the use of contrast agents. Furthermore, native T2 mapping could also potentially be used to quantify changes in myocardial perfusion and/or MBV. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relative contributions of myocardial perfusion, MBV and ECV to native T1 and native T2 at rest and during adenosine stress in normal physiology.    Methods  Healthy subjects ( n  = 41, 26 ± 5 years, 51% females) underwent 1.5 T cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scanning. Quantitative myocardial perfusion [ml/min/g] and MBV [%] maps were computed from first pass perfusion imaging at adenosine stress (140 microg/kg/min infusion) and rest following an intravenous contrast bolus (0.05 mmol/kg, gadobutrol). Native T1 and T2 maps were acquired before and during adenosine stress. T1 maps at rest and stress were also acquired following a 0.2 mmol/kg cumulative intravenous contrast dose, rendering rest and stress ECV maps [%]. Myocardial T1, T2, perfusion, MBV and ECV values were measured by delineating a region of interest in the midmural third of the myocardium.    Results  During adenosine stress, there was an increase in myocardial native T1, native T2, perfusion, MBV, and ECV ( p  ≤ 0.001 for all). Myocardial perfusion, MBV and ECV all correlated with both native T1 and native T2, respectively (R 2  = 0.35 to 0.61,  p  < 0.001 for all).  Multivariate linear regression revealed that ECV and perfusion together best explained the change in native T2 (ECV beta 0.21,  p  = 0.02, perfusion beta 0.66,  p  < 0.001, model R 2  = 0.64,  p  < 0.001), and native T1 (ECV beta 0.50,  p  < 0.001, perfusion beta 0.43,  p  < 0.001, model R 2  = 0.69,  p  < 0.001).    Conclusions  Myocardial native T1, native T2, perfusion, MBV, and ECV all increase during adenosine stress. Changes in myocardial native T1 and T2 during adenosine stress in normal physiology can largely be explained by the combined changes in myocardial perfusion and ECV.    Trial registration   Clinicaltrials.gov  identifier NCT02723747. Registered March 16, 2016.

journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance

The relative contributions of myocardial perfusion, blood volume and extracellular volume to native T1 and native T2 at rest and during adenosine stress in normal physiology